The most common disorders were alcohol, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression. Women had more internalizing disorders and men more externalizing disorders, although the preponderance of men with alcohol disorders (the “gender gap”) was less pronounced than in earlier decades. A racial/ethnic “paradox” (lower risk among disadvantaged minorities than whites) remains unexplained. Younger participants were at higher risk for substance and personality disorders but not for unipolar depressive or anxiety disorders. Psychiatric comorbidity was extensive and often formed latent trans-diagnostic areas.
