GABA

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is synthesised from glutamate, which is found in many protein-rich foods. GABA itself is only present in trace amounts in food.

GABA reduces the excitability of nerve cells, producing calming, anxiety-relieving, and sleep-promoting effects. Benzodiazepines act as positive allosteric modulators and enhance GABA’s action at the GABA-A receptor. An imbalance in GABA levels can promote restlessness, sleep disturbances, and anxiety.

In the body, GABA is produced by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase, which requires vitamin B6 as a cofactor. The starting materials are glutamate and ammonia.

GABA, Glutamate and Alcohol #

GABA and glutamate are antagonists: GABA calms, glutamate excites. A healthy brain maintains balance between the two systems.

Alcohol disrupts this balance:

• Short-term: Alcohol enhances GABA activity and suppresses glutamate → relaxation, reduced anxiety, disinhibition.
• Long-term: The brain adapts: GABA-A receptors are downregulated and the glutamate system becomes more active → tolerance develops.

During Withdrawal: Brain Hyperexcitability #

When alcohol is suddenly stopped, GABA stimulation disappears while the glutamate system remains overactive.

• Restlessness, anxiety, insomnia
• Sweating, racing heart, tremors
• Seizures or delirium tremens in severe cases

In clinical settings, benzodiazepines are commonly used to restore GABA-A function and buffer the imbalance.

Long-Term Effects #

After detoxification, the brain needs time to rebalance GABA and glutamate. Common lingering symptoms include:

• Anxiety
• Sleep disturbances
• Irritability and inner tension
• Low stress tolerance

Therapeutic Approaches #

Strategies to stabilise GABA–glutamate balance:

• Medications during withdrawal, sometimes anticonvulsants such as gabapentin
• Nutrients like vitamin B6 and amino acids such as taurine
• N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to modulate glutamate metabolism

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FAQ about GABA #

Does GABA as a dietary supplement work?
Older doctrine claimed GABA cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Newer research reveals transport systems that allow GABA to reach the brain. Whether oral supplements have noticeable effects depends on dose, individual absorption, and co-factors.

What role does vitamin B6 play?
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for GABA synthesis. A deficiency can reduce GABA production.

Why is abrupt (“cold turkey”) withdrawal dangerous?
The severe imbalance between GABA and glutamate can lead to seizures and delirium. Alcohol withdrawal must be medically supervised.

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