Cortisol

Cortisol is a hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. It belongs to the glucocorticoids and plays a pivotal role in metabolism, the immune system, and the body’s adaptation to stress. Often referred to as the “stress hormone,” cortisol helps regulate various physiological processes to maintain homeostasis, especially under challenging conditions.

Functions #

Cortisol enables the body to rapidly mobilize energy during stressful situations. It elevates blood glucose levels by breaking down proteins and fats into sugar and amplifies the effects of adrenaline. Furthermore, it exerts anti-inflammatory properties, modulates immune responses, and impacts cognitive functions such as memory, mood, and alertness. In times of stress, cortisol suppresses non-essential activities like digestion and reproduction to focus resources on immediate survival needs.

Daily Rhythm #

Cortisol adheres to a circadian rhythm: Its concentrations are at their lowest during the night and surge dramatically in the early morning. This morning peak aids in awakening and supplies energy for the start of the day. As the day progresses, cortisol levels steadily decline. This pattern is governed by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus, which aligns with natural light-dark cycles to optimize daily functioning.

Cortisol and Alcohol #

Alcohol intake disrupts this natural rhythm: It inappropriately boosts cortisol release in the evening, preventing the typical nocturnal decline. As a result, individuals may awaken abruptly in the wee hours with palpitations and anxiety. Over time, persistent alcohol use can dysregulate cortisol production, potentially leading to heightened risks of anxiety disorders, depression, and compromised immune function. Research indicates that such alterations may also exacerbate sleep disturbances and contribute to a cycle of stress and dependency.

Pathological Alterations #

• Excess Cortisol (e.g., in Cushing’s syndrome) results in weight gain, hypertension, muscle atrophy, fragile skin, and greater vulnerability to infections. This condition may arise from prolonged corticosteroid use or adrenal tumors.
• Deficient Cortisol (e.g., in Addison’s disease) manifests as chronic fatigue, unintended weight loss, hypotension, and an intense craving for salty foods. It is frequently caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands.

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