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22/01/2024 2:42 pm
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Experimental evidence suggests that components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the endogenous opioid system, such as beta-endorphin (beta-END), influence alcohol consumption, whereas chronic alcohol abuse alters the activity of both systems. In addition, sex and age differences have been found in HPA axis activity under basal conditions in response to stress and acute alcohol…
